Leonardo da Vinci: Biography, work and appreciation of the universal genius

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) is considered one of the most fascinating personalities in the history of western art.

Originally from Florence , he received his training as a painter and sculptor in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio (1435–1488). But Leonardo was not only an artist, but also a scientist. His insatiable curiosity drove him to observe, experiment and make new inventions.

Drawing served as a means of documenting his scientific studies . Although there are only a few complete works by Leonardo, he left an extensive collection of around 2,500 drawings.

Most of these ideas sketches have been preserved in his notebooks today. During his creative period, Leonardo mainly worked in Florence (1472–ca. 1482, 1500–1508) and Milan (approx. 1482–99, 1508–13).

In recent years of his life, however, he spent time in Rome (1513-16) and France (1516-17), where he finally died.

Leonardo's ingenuity as an artist and inventor still inspires both other artists and scientists around the world - even centuries after his death. In Florence , the city of his youth, Leonardo left traces as a painter and engineer, and to this day he inspires people around the world.

This article gives you an overview of Da Vinci's creative life, its artistic, technical and scientific works and his biography. Let us immerse yourself in the world of one of the most important artists of all time.

Unique position in art history

Leonardo's fame, which is unbroken during both lifetime and today, is largely based on his insatiable curiosity , which shaped his thinking and acting.

As a talented artist, he considered vision as the most important way to knowledge. For him, seeing was the highest sense of man because it conveys the facts of experience directly and safely.

In this way, every perceived phenomenon became the object of his knowledge and the learning of "seeing" became a main topic of his studies.

He used his creative talent in all areas with visual representation - painting, sculpture, architecture and engineering.

But he went even further: With his brilliant mind , his extraordinary observation and its drawing skills, he devoted himself to the study of nature itself. This research direction enabled him to bloom from art and science .

Profile and short biography

Profile - important key data

The most important key data to the gifted artist genius:

Short biography

On April 15, 1452, Leonardo saw the light of day in Vinci, Italy, a place near Florence. His parents were Ser Piero, a notary at the age of 25 and Caterina, a farmer. Although born illegally, his father took responsibility for him shortly after birth.

As an adolescent, Leonardo spent his time in his father in Vinci and had access to scientific writings from the possession of family and friends. In addition, he came into contact with the long tradition of artistic works from Vinci.

At the age of around 15, his father accepted him as an apprentice in the renowned workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. Even during his apprenticeship, Leonardo's extraordinary talent was clearly expressed.

It seems that his extraordinary skills are confirmed by several works of art from 1470 to 1475. One is particularly remarkable by Leonardo painted angel who was supposedly better than the works of his master Verrocchio. It is said that Verrocchio never wanted to paint again.

Leonardo stayed in Verrocchios workshop until 1477. In order to make a living and face new challenges, he entered the service of the Duke of Milan in 1482 and received his first order in Florence for the painting "The Adoration of the Kings" .

He spent a total of 17 years in Milan and only left the city after the fall of Duke Ludovico Sforza in 1499. During this time, Leonardo reached new heights at both a scientific and artistic level.

The Duke employed him with painting , sculpture and the design of splendid court ceremonies. But he also had Leonardo designed weapons, buildings and machines. Between 1485 and 1490, Leonardo conducted studies on various topics- including natural sciences , aircraft , geometry , mechanics as well as urban and fortress architecture (he designed everything from church building to fastening).

His studies even included designs for advanced weapons such as tanks or other war vehicles as well as various fighting equipment and submarines. During this time, Leonardo also started his first anatomical studies. His Milan workshop was always full of apprentices and students.

Unfortunately, Leonardo often left projects unfinished due to his diverse interests and the constant fascination for new topics. In the 17 years he only managed about six works, including "the last sacrament" and "the virgin on the rocks" , while dozens of paintings and projects remained unfinished or unrealized.

He mainly dealt with the study of the natural sciences , be it through observations in nature or by closing in his workshop to think about universal truths or to dissect body. Between 1490 and 1495 he began to capture his studies in lovingly illustrated notebooks.

His work included four main topics: painting , architecture , elements of mechanics and human anatomy . These examinations and sketches were merged in various codes and manuscripts , which are now collected by museums and private individuals (Bill Gates once paid $ 30 million for the Codex Leicester!).

After the fall of Ludovico Sforza in 1499, Leonardo returned to Milan and started his search for a new patron. Over the next 16 years, he worked for various employers all over Italy, including the notorious Cesare Borgia .

He spent a year as a military engineer in Borgia's army and even met Niccolo Machiavelli , the author of "The Prince" . During this time, Leonardo designed a bridge over the "Golden Horn" in Constantinople and, with the support of Machiavelli, was commissioned to paint battle of Anghiari

Around the year 1503, Leonardo is said to have started working Mona Lisa From 1513 to 1516 he worked in Rome, where he operated a workshop and carried out various projects for the Pope. Although he continued his studies in human anatomy, the Pope prohibited him to dissect corpse, which restricted his progress.

After the death of his patron Giuliano de 'Medici in March 1516, Franz I from France offered him the title of the first painter and engineer and architect of the king. His last and perhaps the most generous sponsor was Franz I, who granted him a scholarship and provided a manor house near the royal castle in Amboise.

Although he had paralysis in his right hand, Leonardo could still draw and teach because he wrote with his left hand. He created sketches for the representation of the Virgin Mary in "The Jungfrau and the child with the Saint Anna" , as well as studies on cats , horses, dragons and Saint Georg.

It is said to have even said once:

The cat is the masterpiece of nature. "

He also made anatomical studies and dealt with the nature of water . He also designed drawings for deluge and various machines.

Leonardo died in Cloux, France on May 2, 1519. According to legend, King Francis was by his side and kept Leonardo's head in his arms during his death mom.

Leonardo da Vinci - life and work in detail

1452-1467: The early years-a childhood full of curiosity and discovery

Leonardo da Vinci was in 1452 , a place in Tuscany (now Italy). The city of Vinci, near whom he grew up, gave him his last name.

In his time he was known as Leonardo or "Il Florentine" and enjoyed a reputation as an artist, inventor and thinker. It is interesting to know that Leonardo's parents were never married. His father was a lawyer and notary and his mother a farmer.

Leonardo was the only child from this relationship. With other partners, his parents had a total of 17 other children - half siblings from Leonardo. Since Vinci's mother Caterina married another man than he was still very young and founded a new family.

From the age of five, he lived on his father Ser Peiro in Vinci. There his uncle also helped with his upbringing, who had a special love for nature - something that was also transferred to Leonardo over time.

As a child, Leonardo da Vinci was already shaped by the insatiable curiosity and desire to discover. His urge to research and his observation was exceptional, which quickly made him a curious boy.

He showed interest in art and drawings early on, which later developed into a lifelong passion.

Leonardo grew up in his father's residence and enjoyed treatment similar to a legitimate recognized child.

During this time he received the common primary school formation , which included reading, writing and calculating. Later Leonardo started to deal a little with Latin, which is considered a key language for traditional learning. It was suitable for practical knowledge of it.

Furthermore, he only dealt intensively with higher mathematics, especially advanced geometry and arithmetics at the age of 30. From this point on, however, he devoted himself to these areas with great diligence and persistence.

1467-1472: Artistic training at Verrocchio

When he was about 15 years old, he was introduced to the artist Andrea del Verrocchio .

In this renowned workshop, Leonardo received comprehensive training in painting, sculpture and technical-mechanical arts. He also worked for the neighboring artist Antonio Pollaiuolo .

When he was 20 years old, the Malerging of Florence offered membership in 1472, but he stayed with Verrocchio until he became an independent champion in 1478.

From this time, many outstanding spring and pencil drawings have been preserved, including numerous technical sketches such as pumps, military weapons and mechanical devices- proof of Leonardo's interest in technical matters at the beginning of his career.

1472-1482: First Florentine period

In 1472, when he was only 20 years old, Leonardo reached the championship title in the Lukasgilde, an union of artists and doctors. Although his father had already housed him in his own workshop, his close relationship remained with Verrocchio and they continued to work together and even lived together.

The earliest known work Leonardo dates from 1473: a pen drawing of the Arno Valley . Vasari also reported that Leonardo was the first to propose the idea of ​​making the Arno river navigable and building a channel between Florence and Pisa.

In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent order to paint an altarpiece for the chapel of Saint Bernhard in the Palazzo Vecchio - a clear sign of his independence from Verrocchios Atelier.

Around 1482 he began to paint his first order work, the adoration of the kings , for San Donato in Florence, a scopeto monastery.

However, Da Vinci never completed this work, because shortly afterwards he moved to Milan to work for the ruling Sforza clan and work there as an engineer, painter, architect, designer of Hoffesten and above all as a sculptor.

In a letter to Sforza, he described his diverse skills in the areas of technology and weapon design and also mentioned his talent as a painter.

Together with Alberti, he visited the home of the Medici and met prominent humanistic philosophers there. These included Marsiglio Ficino , an advocate of Neoplatonism , as well as Cristoforo Landino , who wrote comments on classic writings, and John Argyropoulos , a Greek teacher and translator of Aristotle. Leonardo was also connected to the Medici Platonic Academy and met the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola .

In 1482 he was sent by Lorenzo de 'Medici as ambassador to Ludovico Il Moro, the ruler of Milan between 1479 and 1499.

1482-1499: First Milan period

In 1482, Leonardo decided to move to Milan and work there for the city's Duke. This decision came as a surprise, since he had just received his first larger order from his hometown Florence: the unfinished table painting "Adoration of the Heilige Drei Kings" for the San Donato a Scopeto monastery and an altar painting for the St. Bernhard chapel in the Palazzo Della Signoria, which was never started.

By giving up both projects, it seems to have become clear that he had deeper reasons to leave Florence.

The demanding spirit of neoplatonism in Florence may have pushed him off and he felt attracted to the academic environment in Milan . In addition, the brilliant courtyard of Duke Ludovico Sforza and the significant projects there was also an attraction for him.

Leonardo spent 17 years in Milan until Ludovico lost his power in 1499. In the royal records, he was led as the "painter and engineer of the Duke" . Leonardo's graceful personality and his elegant appearance made him extremely popular at court.

He enjoyed a high reputation as a painter, sculptor and designer of courtly festivals. In addition, he was often used as a technical consultant for architecture, fortifications and military matters and worked as a hydraulic engineering and mechanical engineer.

Leonardo always had ambitious goals in mind; If you pull an overview of your work during this time or all of your life, you could aptly call it an impressive "unfinished symphony" .

During his 17-year time in Milan, the talented painter Leonardo completed six works of art . Although he was commissioned to create three more pictures, they have either been lost or never completed, as contemporary sources report.

From around 1483 to 1486, Leonardo devoted himself to the altar painting "The Virgin of the Felsen" , which led to a ten -year legal dispute between him and the brotherhood of the Immaculate Conception that the work had commissioned. For unknown reasons, this conflict prompted Leonardo to make another version of the painting around 1508.

During this first period in Milan, he also created one of his best-known works: the monumental murals "The Last Supper" (1495-98) in the refectory of the Santa Maria Delle Grazie monastery .

In addition, his decorative ceiling painting from 1498 is extremely remarkable for the Sala delle Assse in the Castello Sforzesco in Milan.

Leonardo's horse: Monumental sculpture project in honor Francesco Sforza

During this period, Leonardo worked on an impressive sculpture project , which was obviously the main reason for his invitation to Milan: a monumental statue of riding bronze , which was to be built as a honorable offer for Francesco Sforza, the founder of the SForza dynasty.

For twelve years, Leonardo devoted himself to this task with interruptions. In 1493 the horse's model was publicly displayed, on the occasion of the wedding of Emperor Maximilian with Bianca Maria Sforza and preparations were made to pour the gigantic figure - it should be 16 feet (5 meters).

However, due to the impending risk of war, the metal, which has already been poured, was used instead to produce cannons and this made the project to stand up.

Ludovico's fall in 1499 finally sealed the fate of this failed project, which possibly represented one of the greatest monument concepts of the 15th century.

The following war left only debris from the sound model.

The late Charles C. dent from Allentown, Pennsylvania - a retired traffic pilot, diplomatic activist and art patrons - devoted the last 17 years of his life to realize "The Horse" . While Charles C. dent died in 1994, the organization he founded was continued under the leadership of his nephew Peter C. dent. LDVHI unveiled the finished statue in September 1999 in front of a global audience.

The Da Vinci Science Center has the spiritual and license rights for the Leonardo Horse sculpture . Further sculptures were also commissioned and in Grand Rapids, Michigan; Sheridan, Wyoming; And exhibited in Italy in Leonardo's hometown Vinci.

As a renowned artist, Leonardo maintained an extensive workshop with apprentices and students in Milan. that time, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, Ambrogio de Predis, Bernardino de 'Conti, Francesco Napoletano, Andrea Solari, Marco d'Oggiono and Salai included

The exact role of most of these employees remains unclear, which leads to questions regarding Leonardo's so -called Apocropher works - work where the master worked with his assistants. The scholars could not agree on the attribution of these works.

1500-1508: Second Florentine period

In December 1499 or at the latest in January 1500, Leonardo left Milan together with the mathematician Lucas Pacioli after the French moved in there.

Venice government asked him for advice on how to defend yourself against a possible Turkish attack in Friuli. Leonardo recommended that you prepare measures to flood the endangered region. After his stay in Venice, he returned to Florence , where he was enthusiastically received despite his long absence and was honored as a famous local artist.

In the same year he was also part of a committee that was to examine damage to the foundation and the structure of the San Francesco al Monte church-because of his expertise as an architecture expert . During his stay at the Servits in the Santissima Annunziata cloister, Leonardo's focus seemed to focus more on mathematical studies than on painting.

Isabella d'Este searched in vain for a painting from him and instead learned from Fra Pietro Nuvolaria, her representative in Florence about Leonardo's dealing with mathematical studies during this time.

Due to his curiosity, Leonardo left 1502 Florence in the summer of 1502 to the services of Cesare Borgia a "main military architect and general engineer" . Borgia, the notorious son of Pope Alexander VI.

At that time, Borgia was in his most powerful state - a man of just 27 years, but undoubtedly the most impressive and most feared person in his era. During his stay at the court of Cesare Borgia, Leonardo also met Niccolò Machiavelli , who was temporarily stationed there as a political observer from Florence.

In the spring of 1503, Leonardo returned to Florence to create expert opinion for a project The goal was to redirect the Arno river behind Pisa and thus strengthen the siege position of the city on the part of the Florentines. Although this plan proved to be unenforceable, he got Leonardo on a new idea: a canal building to connect Florence with the sea.

Leonardo developed his concepts through detailed studies and measurements of the site as well as its own panorama views of the river in the form of artistically appealing landscape. On a card he drew the course of the planned channel, including a passage over the Serravalle mountain pass.

In 1503, Leonardo received an important order to paint a huge murals for the council hall in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. It should be a monumental historical scene that would be twice as large as the famous last sacrament.

For three years he worked intensively on this painting entitled "Battle of Anghiari" . Unfortunately, it remained unfinished, just like Michelangelo's planned supplementary painting "Battle of Cascina" . During this time Leonardo also painted the world-famous portrait of Mona Lisa (approx. 1503-19).

In his second period in Florence, Leonardo also devoted himself to intensive scientific studies . He carried anatomical preparations in the Santa Maria Nuova hospital and examined the structure and function of the human body in detail.

He also systematically observed the flight of birds for his planned treatise. Even his hydrological studies over water - both its nature and movement - became more and more comprehensive, especially if he compared them with the properties of air.

He held all of these research in his own notebook called Codex Hammer (formerly known as Leicester Codex ), which is now in the possession of the software entrepreneur Bill Gates in Seattle, Washington.

1508-1513: Second Milan period

In May 1506, Charles d'Amboise , the French governor in Milan, made an inquiry to Signoria in Florence. He asked Leonardo to travel to Milan. The Signoria approved this and thus the monumental murals of anghiari remained unfinished.

It seems that Leonardo has hired his work on the painting due to unsuccessful color experiments; There is no other plausible explanation for his waiver of this impressive work.

In winter 1507/08 Leonardo went to Florence to help the sculptor Giovanni Francesco Rustici to implement his bronze statues for the Baptistery. Then he settled back in Milan.

In Milan, Leonardo was made by his generous patrons Charles d'Amboise and King Louis XII. honored and admired. Most of his tasks were limited to architectural consulting activities. Handproof evidence of this can be found in the plans for a palace villa for Karl and probably some sketches for an oratorio in the church of Santa Maria Alla Fontana, which was also financed by Karl.

Leonardo also dealt with an old project, which was revived by the French governor: a waterway should be created from the Adda River between Milan and Lake Como.

During his second stay in Milan, Leonardo was hardly active as a painter. He surrounded himself again with students, including his former students Bernardino de 'Conti and Salai, as well as new ones like Cesare da Sesto, Giaffetrino, Bernardino Luini and the young noble Francesco Melzi - Leonardo's loyal friend and companion until his death.

During this time, Leonardo received a significant order from Gian Giacomo Trivulzio , the Marshal of the French Army and bitter enemy Ludovico Sforzas. Trivulzio commissioned him to design his tomb in the form of a statue of equestrian statue for the death chapel he donated in the Church of San Nazaro Maggiore.

After years of preparatory work for the monument, Trivulzio ultimately decided on a more modest plan and thus stopped the second sculpture project, Leonardo.

Leonardo's scientific activity experienced a highlight in this period. Through his collaboration with Marcantonio Della Torre, a renowned anatoma from Pavia, his studies on anatomy a new dimension.

Leonardo had the vision of a comprehensive work that not only contains precise and detailed representations of the human body and its organs, but also covers comparative anatomy as well as the entire area of ​​physiology.

He even planned his anatomical manuscript in the winter of 1510/11. In addition, his writings are full of mathematical, optical, mechanical, geological and botanical studies. These research has increasingly been driven by a fundamental conviction: the belief that strength and movement produce all external forms in organic and inorganic nature as a fundamental mechanical functions and give them their shape.

Furthermore, he was convinced that these functioning forces act according to orderly harmonious laws.

1513-1519: Last years in Rome and France

In 1513, Leonardo, who was now 60 years old, decided to move again due to political events - the temporary expulsion of the French from Milan. At the end of the year, accompanied by his students Melzi and Salai and two studio assistants, he made his way to Rome .

His hope was to find a job with his patron Giuliano de 'Medici, the brother of the new Pope Leo X. In fact, Giuliano granted him a suite of rooms in the Belvedere in the Vatican as a residence and a generous monthly scholarship.

However, larger orders failed to materialize. During his three -year stay in Rome there was a lot of artistic hustle and bustle: Donato Bramante built the St. Peter's Basilica, Raffael Malte the last rooms of the new rooms of the Pope and Michelangelo fought with the conclusion of the tomb for Pope Julius II.

Many younger artists such as Timoteo Viti and Sodoma were also active. During this time, Leonardo showed his disappointment with anciental letters about the lack of great projects for him reserved on mathematical studies or technical experiments in his studio or examined ancient monuments through the city during walks.

It seems as if Leonardo had spent some time with Bramante; However, this died in 1514 and there is no evidence of Leonardo's relationships with other artists in Rome.

A splendid map of the Pontine swamps suggests that Leonardo worked as a consultant for a renovation project that Giuliano de 'Medici had commissioned in 1514. He also created sketches for the construction of a spacious residence in Florence, which had been commissioned by the returned Medici - however, this building was never built.

Possibly crushed from this situation, Leonardo, at the age of 65, accepted the invitation of the young King Franz I to get his service to France . At the end of 1516 he left Italy forever with Melzi, his most loyal student.

Leonardo spent the last three years of his life in the small residence Cloux (later called Clos-Lucé), near the king's summer palace at the Loire in Amboise. He proudly was entitled "First painter, architect and engineer of the king" .

Although Leonardo still made sketches for Hoffeste, the king treated him as a guest of honor and granted him freedom in his projects. Decades later, Franz I. spoke with the sculptor Benvenuto Cellini full of admiration and appreciation about Leonardo.

For the king, Leonardo designed plans for the palace and garden of Romorantin, who was supposed to serve as a widow's residence for the queen mother. The carefully elaborated project combined the best of Italian and French tradition in terms of palace and landscape architecture ; Unfortunately, however, it had to be canceled due to a malaria threat in the region.

During his stay in France, Leonardo da Vinci was not particularly productive as a painter, instead he dedicated most of the time to organize and revise his scientific studies as well as his treatise on painting and anatomy.

In the remarkable series "Visions from the End of the World" (approx. 1517-18), which also includes the drawings "a deluge" , he expressed the primal forces with impressive imagination-which could master nature-possibly an indication of its increasing pessimism.

Leonardo died in Cloux and was buried in the Saint-Florentin palace church . Unfortunately, this church was devastated during the French Revolution and completely demolished in the early 19th century; So today his grave is undetectable.

Leonardo's artistic and scientific legacy passed Melzi, which became his heir.

Increases away from art: inventions and philosophy

Since Vinci's interests were wide and went beyond the visual art . He dealt with nature , mechanics , anatomy , physics , architecture and weapons as well as other areas.

He often designed precise plans for machines such as bicycles, helicopters, submarines and military tanks-centuries before they were actually realized.

Sigmund Freud once wrote about him:

He was like a man who wakes up too early and sees everyone else sleeping. ”

One could say that Vinci's have been combined with a variety of interests from several topics. Above all, he believed that seeing was the most important sense of man and that it was crucial to be able to "see" (Saper Vedere) in order to fully grasp life in all its facets.

For him, science and art were not separate disciplines but complemented each other; Ideas from one area could influence the other - yes, it should even.

Probably because of his numerous interests, Vinci did not manage to complete many of his paintings or projects. Instead, he spent a lot of time immersing in nature; to test scientific laws; He dissected body and animals in order to then capture his observations or to think intensively.

Da Vincis notebooks

At some point in the early 1490s, Leonardo da Vinci began to fill his notebooks with four main topics: painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy.

In these books there are thousands of pages with carefully drawn illustrations and detailed comments.

Some of these comments were not readable for others "mirror writing" The notebooks - often referred to as manuscripts or "codes" from Da Vinci - are today in museum collections after being scattered after his death.

In the Codex Atlanticus you can find a plan for a 65 -foot mechanical bat. This flight machine is essentially based on the physiology of the bats as well as the principles of aviation and physics.

In other notebooks, Vincis contain anatomical studies of the human skeleton, muscles, brain as well as the digestive and reproductive system. Through these studies, a broader audience gained a new understanding of the human body.

However, since Vinci's notebooks were not published in the 16th century and therefore had little influence on scientific progress in the Renaissance period.

Posthumous fame, legacy and appreciation

Although he did not have an official academic training, many historians and scholars consider Leonardo to be the best example of a universal genius . Leonardo's talent is widely viewed as one of the most versatile.

Art historian Helen Gardner described his interests as unprecedented history and emphasized that his mind and personality may seem superhuman, while he himself seems mysterious and distant.

Although Leonardo's view of art was logically justified, he used unorthodox empirical methods for his time. Leonardo enjoyed such a great fame during his lifetime that the King of France treated him like a trophy and allegedly supported him until his death and held in his arms in his arms.

The interest in Leonardo and his work is still unbroken: people are still queuing in front of his most famous works of art; T-shirts with its most famous drawing are still popular; Writers continue to celebrate him as a genius - at the same time they speculate about his private life and about what such an intelligent person actually believed.

the Louvre in Paris organized an extraordinary exhibition in honor of Leonardo da Vinci . The largest solo exhibition of his works ever was presented under the title "Leonardo"

Over a hundred paintings, drawings and notebooks were part of this impressive collection. The presence of eleven paintings that Leonardo had completed during his lifetime was particularly remarkable.

Sources and further information:

• Britannica : Leonardo da Vinci-Italian Artist, Engineer, and Scientist , https://www.britannica.com/biography/leonardo-da-vinci
• Museum of Science, Boston : Da Vinci - The Renaissance Man , https://www.mos.org/leonardo/biography
• The Met Museum : Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) , https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hd_leon.htm
• Bambach, Carmen : "Anatomy in the Renaissance." (October 2002)
• Bambach, Carmen : "Renaissance Drawings: Material and Function." (October 2002)
• History.com : Leonardo da Vinci , https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/leonardo-da-vinci
• Gardner, Helen (1970): Art Through the Ages . Pp. 450–56.

Joachim Rodriguez y Romero

Owner and managing director of Kunstplaza. Publicist, editor and passionate blogger in the field of art, design and creativity since 2011. Successful conclusion in web design as part of a university degree (2008). Further development of creativity techniques through courses in free drawing, expression painting and theatre/acting. Profound knowledge of the art market through many years of journalistic research and numerous collaborations with actors/institutions from art and culture.

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